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This doctrine, which has no basis in Scripture, first appeared in the early 9th century A.D., was formalized at the Council of Trent (A.D. 1545-63), and was reaffirmed at the Second Vatican Council (1962-65).
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RACooper already addressed this somewhat, but I'd like to add that the Catholic Mass does not come from scripture entirely, we also rely on tradition. There is a great reason. The bible was not canonized until the 4th century, which is 300 some years after the Catholic Church began. Some traditions go back to before the time of the Bible. Also, the Catholic Church canonized the bible, so to suggest that the Catholic religion is contrary to the Bible is incorrect.
Further, most of the New Testament was originally written in Aramaic or Greek, and then later translated to Greek then Latin and much later to German, English, etc. Some liberties have been taken in these translations. (Anyone who has studied a foreign language or is multi-lingual will understand that some words have no translation.) So, Catholics do not rely solely on an English Bible, as to do so would be incorrect.
Finally, the doctrine of transubstantiation absolutely has basis in scripture. Jesus often spoke in parables to make his points. At the last supper, however, Jesus clearly stated that, "this IS my body and this IS my blood, do this is memory of me." He couldn't have been more clear. The eucharistic prayer in the Catholic Mass is based entirely on the words of Christ at the last supper. Catholics believe that when a priest, in the context of Mass, prays these words over the bread and wine, the intervention of the Holy Spirit indeed changes them into the very Body and Blood of Christ, as we believe He intended with His words at the last supper. Catholics would argue that you don't get much more scripturally based than the last supper.
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