[DrPhil]

And even news stories of hazing don't tell us whether certain chapters (aggregated into types of organizations) do more physical, mental, or alcohol-related hazing.

A chapter can get in trouble for paddling but that doesn't mean that there wasn't more yelling and insulting pledges than paddling pledges. The paddling is simply what left the visible mark and ended up getting reported. The same goes for a chapter that gets in trouble for alcohol-related hazing.

So are these observations of patterns based on something substantive and qualitative? Quantitative means very little.