PHC History at Mizzou!
 

So, out of my boredom over spring break, I've decided (or decided about an hour ago, rather) to make a little history of ALL the PHC sororities at the University of Missouri!! (Who needs Baird's, right?!) I've always found it interesting to hear about sororities that have been on our campus, and I never understood why at such a big school (6000 Greeks total I think and about 1000 women participating in fall recruitment a year) it's been so hard for some sororities to thrive. 13 chapters seems small for such a large school. (And it's not like any chapters are struggling... several are upwards of 200 women.) Anyone else agree? Can anyone offer some insight into why? Anyways... if something doesn't look right to you, just post and I'll fix it... thanks to everyone who has already contributed!!

By the way, these are only national organizations... locals have not been included.

I don't know if ANYONE is gonna be interested in this (considering there are about three Mizzou women on here!!), but I AM!! :D

Alpha Chi Omega (Alpha Nu)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1922

Alpha Delta Pi (Alpha Gamma)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1915

Alpha Epsilon Phi (Alpha Beta)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1929
-Inactive since 1997

Alpha Gamma Delta (Epsilon Alpha)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1922
-Inactive in 1975
-Recolonized in 1981
-Inactive since 1988

Alpha Omicron Pi (Delta Alpha)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1986
-Inactive since 1994

Alpha Phi (Omicron)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1910
-Recolonized in 1998

Chi Omega (Rho Alpha)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1918

Delta Delta Delta (Delta Xi)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1915

Delta Gamma (Mu)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1909

Delta Phi Epsilon (Phi Nu)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1978
-Inactive since 1984
(To throw in my two cents... this seems soooo weird to me!! The DPhiE national headquarters is in St. Louis, but there are NO chapters in Missouri. Anybody know how that worked out that way??)

Gamma Phi Beta (Alpha Delta)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1921
(From what I'm told, Kappa helped to bring Gamma Phi to Mizzou!! Don't quote me on it though!!)

Kappa Alpha Theta (Alpha Mu)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1909

Kappa Delta (Epsilon Iota)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1975

Kappa Kappa Gamma (Theta)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1875 (We're the oldest!! :) )

Phi Mu (Chi)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1913
-Inactive in 1944
-Recolonized in 2001

Phi Sigma Sigma (Omega)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1935
-Inactive since 1955

Pi Beta Phi (Missouri Alpha?)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1899
(Kappa founded first and Pi Phi founded second... Monmouth Duo is taking over the woooooorld!!)

Sigma Delta Tau (Alpha Lambda)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1957
-Inactive since 1968

Sigma Kappa (Epsilon Mu)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1968
-Inactive in 1973
-Recolonized in 1990
-Inactive since 2004

Theta Phi Alpha (Theta)
Status: Closed
Founded at MU: 1921
-Inactive since 1927

Zeta Tau Alpha (Alpha Psi)
Status: Active
Founded at MU: 1924
-Inactive (1930s?)
-Recolonized (1950s?)

So, to slightly summarize...
- Of the 26 organizations in the National Panhellenic Conference, 21 have at some point had a chapter at Mizzou.
-Of those 21, only 13 of the chapters are currently active.
-Of those 13 active chapters, only 10 have avoided recolonization and periods of dormancy.

stl kappa, i'm not from missouri, but i find this very interesting. and i agree with you-i am always saddened when any chapter of any sorority or fraternity closes. i do know that during the "hippie"(viet nam war) era, membership in most greek organizaitons suffered. guess everyone was "stickin' it to the man." that might account for the demise of some chapters on your campus, i.e.,membership drops as a whole as fewer girls participate in formal recruitment, the strong remain strong. even though quota figures may be down, the stronger chapters reach the lower quota figure. the mid-sized chapters begin to struggle or do year round cob and the struggling chapters have to close. now please understand that i do not know the reputations of any of the sororities on your campus, now or in the past ,so i am just speculating. i also realize that few of the closed chapters at mizzou left in the 70's, but lower recruitment numbers from that era might have caused problems that carried on into the 80's and 90's.

i went thru formal recruitment at florida state in the fall of 1975. at the time there were 17 sororities, all housed. after formal recruitment two chapters left campus, one the following year and one that tried to recolonize was not successful.all the chapters that left had lower membership numbers and that 1975 recruitment was a make or break for them. this was near the end of the above mentioned era. one bad recruitment can have a huge impact on a chapter, and in some cases they are not able to recover.if they do hang on, it can take them many years to recover. i do think that all of the npc sororities understand better how to help their chapters who may need a bit of help, so maybe fewer chapters will be closing.

STL Kappa, I am not familiar with your Greek system but I find it sad that some groups did not strive at Ole Miss (University of Mississippi) where almost 30% of students are Greek. (The Oxford campus has about 12,000 students). There are tons of threads about Ole Miss Greeks so I won't go into that. Anyway, great information :)

Wow.. I think that's SO amazing that some of the GLOs have been there since the 1800s!

Good research!

I'm a Mizzou woman and was president of the MU Panhellenic in 1973.

A couple of points:
The KD chapter was chartered in 1975, after AGD closed.

I think the APhi chapter was chartered earlier than 1910; since the national was founded in 1872 and soon began extension, wouldn't they have gotten to Omicron long before 1910?

IIRC there was a Phi Sigma Sigma chapter for a short time in the late 50's/early 60's. Their house was at Providence and Kentucky, just west of SigEp and south of PiKA.

What's happening to the AGD/SigKap house?

AGDAlum

P.S. There are lots of reasons why some chapters prosper and others do not.

Re: PHC History at Mizzou!
 

DPhiE's HQ was in Stanford, Connecticut during this time. HQ didn't move to Missouri until 1993.

AGDAlum...

KD info has been changed... thanks for the correction!! (I gathered as much as I could without my handy little book from Recruitment... I knew some of it would be wrong!!)

As for Alpha Phi... I checked their website for the chapter at Mizzou, and the information is correct. (You can see it at http://students.missouri.edu/~aphi/) It was nine years (1881) before a Beta chapter was founded, and the sorority sometimes went for three or four years between founding new chapters... maybe that explains why it took so long?

You were correct about Phi Sigma Sigma, and the original post now reflects that. I had NO idea they were once at Mizzou!! (Find something new everyday!)

And finally the AGD/Sig Kap house... right now it's just sitting there on Curtis. Quite a while ago (beginning of last semester) we were asked to vote on how soon Sig Kap could come back (not a determining factor, more of just a way for panhel to get the opinion of the other 13 chapters), but we weren't ever told the result. I don't believe MU is going to open the campus to expansion right now, so I wouldn't imagine another sorority would occupy the house. A few rumors have flown about Pi Kappa Phi trying to get the house... their old house on Richmond (between ATO and Farmhouse) was turned into apartments after they left campus, but they recolonized.

Hope that helps!!

As for Alpha Phi... I checked their website for the chapter at Mizzou, and the information is correct.

And finally the AGD/Sig Kap house... right now it's just sitting there on Curtis. Quite a while ago (beginning of last semester) we were asked to vote on how soon Sig Kap could come back (not a determining factor, more of just a way for panhel to get the opinion of the other 13 chapters), but we weren't ever told the result. I don't believe MU is going to open the campus to expansion right now, so I wouldn't imagine another sorority would occupy the house. A few rumors have flown about Pi Kappa Phi trying to get the house... they're old house on Richmond (between ATO and Farmhouse) was turned into apartments after they left campus, but they recolonized.

Hope that helps!! [/B][/QUOTE]


Thanks for the info (re APhi). PiKapp rented the house from AGD
from 1975 until AGD recolonized. I heard they were not kind to it, esp. when they heard that AGD was taking it back. The house on Richmond used to be ZBT. SK bought the house from AGD and put a lot into upgrading it, trying to make it less 60's modern (which was a major drawback) and more contemporary.

BTW, to give you an idea of how chapter size has changed: when I went through formal recruitment (fall, 1970), quota was 33 and total was 67.


AGDAlum

Total at 67... that's only two more than quota last fall. :)

Bairds is good, but a lot depends on which year you have?

They are the defining book on GLOs.

The newest one really sucks.:mad:

As Greekdom Grows, there have to be things left out. With the up and coming LGLOs, and MGLOs, it gets huge.;)

Yes, it gets watered down for the masses. Far Cry from My 1930 to the current Bairds.:(

According to the SDT website, the Alpha Lambda chapter of SDT was founded on September 7, 1957. No information on when it closed, though.

It still seems strange to me to have headquarters in a city or, in this case, state where no chapters exist. (Especially since the Mizzou DPhiE chapter had already been inactive for nine years when headquarters was moved to St. Louis.)

Just found it interesting... that's all!! Perhaps there are more sororities with a similar situation??

And... for the sake of not writing another post... I'll just say here that I've updated the original post to reflect some corrections/additions. Thanks to AGDAlum, exlurker, and SDTSarah!! :D

Whoops! I meant Stamford, CT not Stanford.

I really am not sure why they moved our HQ to St. Louis, but I would guess that it is because St. Louis is less expensive than Connecticut and the NYC area.

This may be a hijack, and if it is we can start a new thread, but are there any schools that have had all 26 NPC sororities at one time or another? (There may already be a thread about this, so if there is, I apologize, but when I tried to search there were way too many threads that came up.)

from my spanking new Baird's manual (20th edition thru 1991)

it looks like

Syracuse has had every NPC chapter except Tri-Sigma (25 of 26)
Penn State has had every NPC chapter except AST (25 of 26)
Univ. of Illinois has had every NPC chapter except AST (25 of 26)
UCLA has has every NPC chapter except AST and Tri-Sigma (24 of 26)
Indiana Univ. has had every NPC chapter except AST and Phi Sigma Sigma (24 of 26)


thanks 33girl for the update for ASA!!

Seems like a lot of schools who have thriving Greek communities are missing the same sororities... ASA, AST, Tri Sig, Phi Sigma Sigma...

Is it just that these sororities are smaller nationally?? Are their nationals hesitant to colonize?? (I know that Kappa only colonizes in places where our nationals are confident we can thrive... for example, Theta chapter at Mizzou was founded in 1870 and it was 112 years before another chapter, Zeta Zeta at Westminster, was founded in the state.)

...But that doesn't seem to be true (for my school at least) for these particular sororities... ASA has eight other chapters in Missouri (I believe they're all active, too!!) but has never colonized at Mizzou. Delta Zeta is the same... eight chapters at other schools in the state, but never a successful colonization at Mizzou. (Although I believe it was tried a few years back...)

As far as Mizzou is concerned, except for KD all those groups have been there since the 1920's at the latest. ASA, AST and Tri Sigma all were still social/educational sororities at that time. I'm not surprised that we haven't been banging down the door to get into a school that's only had one (ultimately) successful colonization in the last 80 years.

University of Illinois and Indiana U have both had ASA at one time or another...so it looks like Baird's is wrong on this one.

Haha, I've never read Baird's but it seems like it being wrong has happened a few times. From what was posted (perhaps earlier in this thread??) as time goes on and GLOs keep growing nationally, sometimes things are omitted.

Newest Bairds can and will omit many things to conserve size of The Tome!

Look at any World Atlas from 1940s to 2000s. History is lost.:(

Go to Your Library and look up Bairds. Get more than several printing Editions.:)


Compare and plan to spend time!

There are many IFC and PHC GLOs who concentarted on ceratin profiles of Schools. ASA and Tri Sigma I beleive being two.

TKN which Merged With LXA in 1939 were one of the IFC along with Phi Sigma Epsilon, Merged with Phi Sigma Kappa, and Sigma Tau Gamma, HQ in Warrensburg Mo.

I beleive there is an NPC with HQ in Columbia, Mo. Cannot Remember which one? Was NE of Campus.

just to follow this up .. do you know what the chapter designations are for these two chapters? ASA isn't listed under the UofIll or Indiana lists nor are these universities listed in the ASA chapter list.

oh for crying out loud in a stainless steel bucket. (Baird's, not you)

Illinois - Epsilon Beta
Indiana - Epsilon Phi

Actually, if you have the latest one, they probably wouldn't be in, because when I saw it they had our old info from the previous
Baird's (1977) in it. They were chartered in (roughly) 1982 and 1992 respectively.

So if you want me to send you our chapter list from 1977 on let me know. :)

From what I was told by one of our national officers, Delta Zeta has never colonized at Mizzou. Back in 2001, when MU decided to open to expansion, NPC groups not currently at Mizzou were invited to present. The 3 finalists were Delta Zeta, AOPi, and Phi Mu. Phi Mu won the vote and had a successful colonization. Delta Zeta is still very interested in Mizzou, provided that competitive housing is available. If MU opens up to expansion again, I'm sure that they would love to present. Considering that close to 200 women dropped out of recruitment this past Fall, with many being cut after only the first round, it would seem like a good idea to consider expansion.

I'm not sure what you mean by saying that many women were cut after the first round... by all thirteen sororities?? Technically, yes... many women are cut from some houses after the first day. But I was in a group with 60-70 PNMs and no one was cut completely after 16 Party Day. And, in the defense of the rare situation that a PNM was not invited back AT ALL, many women don't consider that chapters know exactly who you are and if they're interested in you before you walk through their door on day one... in my opinion, if someone is cut from ALL chapters, the issue is more likely a problem with the individual's grades or high school activities than with the Greek system being too small. Also, there were quite a few chapters who did not make quota this year... leading me to believe that, if 200 women did in fact drop out of recruitment (assuming that we're considering being cut and dropping out as two different things), they could have potentially received a bid had they chosen to stay.

WITH ALL THAT SAID!! :)

There is currently a vacant house at MU due to the closing of Sig Kap in 2004. (A rumor or two has flown about fraternities trying to get the house, but nothing official. Plus, I would hate to see a beautiful house that's been home to two sororities get run into the ground by a bunch of boys!! :p) Personally, I feel that MU's Greek system is very strong... and I would love to see our campus open to expansion.

Finally... I find it interesting that DZ was was one of the sororities chosen to present in 2001. (This is only because of what was talked about in the thread about PHC History at Texas-Austin.) Someone theorized that if that campus was open to expansion, the groups most likely to present would be those who have previously had chapters at the school that eventually became inactive. And, as you said, DZ has never had a chapter at Mizzou. Still it's a wonderful sorority that's VERY well known in the state... so it seems like a great decision! Now if only they would decide to bring another group in!!

Tri Sigma seems to be mostly at smaller schools. It's just our strongsuit at the moment. :)

I think the Emory expansion thread is sorta an answer to your question.
Alpha Chi Omega and Alpha Phi and a few others had a chapter there before; Gamma Phi Beta had not. All three have strong alumnae chapters in Atlanta. I am not in the decision makers' heads, so I can't obviously say what their criteria was, but a campus open for expansion may want to see a fresh face. And a group that hasn't been on campus before may still have an exceptional reputation in the state or region. (this could apply to the systems at Mizzou and Texas as well)

Does anyone know what eventually brought the SK house to a close? What caused them to struggle so much? Just curious, I hate when SK chapters close!

sigmaK619


We all hate when our or others Chapters are close for sure.:(

It is funny to see that some Sororitys are or were for smaller Schools. That is what I thought ASA and SSS were. but look at Founding Times.:)

They aint that New. Granted, they may have started out that way, but times have changed. I have nothing but deep respect for these Ladies!

But, as far as Colonizing on Large U's. it is tough because of the longevity and size of many Local GLOs who have been there for a while.

So, the option seems to be to expand to other Colleges where there is less compitetion.

Or for example carnations School where there were only Locals and The College Decided to go with Nationals only with Locals being absorbed by Nationals.

It is still a work in progress.

The reason the chapter closed was simply that they were struggling with numbers. The SK chapter had about 55 members going into 2003 recruitment. Nationals said that in order to keep their status as a chapter, there would need to be at least 100 members by December 31, 2003. (The other 13 sororities at Mizzou had totals between 150-200... give or take a few!) When that was not achieved, the chapter voted on January 28, 2004 to become dormant. Both the chapter and Greek Life said they could not "pinpoint a specific reason" why the numbers declined... Sigma Kappa's number were declining even though recruitment numbers were increasing.

I have several good friends who became Sigma Kappas at another chapter, and one urged me that this was not the "real" reason the chapter closed... but I'm confident that was speculation or rumor because she (and I!) were still in high school when the SK chapter at Mizzou closed... leading me to believe she may not know all the facts.

And to kind of update my post about the house... apparently Sigma Kappa decided to keep their house and they still have it, although it's been vacant.

There have been a lot of proposals flying around this past year regarding the chapter. One suggested that panhel waits four academic years to consider a recolonization of Sigma Kappa so that all the Greeks who were members at the time of the chapter's closing will have graduated. (I guess just so there will be no knowledge or speculation of why the chapter closed in the first place.) Another that if the campus is opened for expansion, SK should be approached first to recolonize before other organizations are invited to present... but I really don't know the outcome or if decisions have been made on any of these things.

In 1998, the Alpha Phi chapter at Mizzou was struggling and disbanded and recolonized all in that year. I wonder if Sigma Kappa considered something similar?

Hope this ridiculously long post answers your question and then some! :D

Didn't the Alpha Phi chapter at Duke do the same thing? Maybe the national org prefers that technique?

Thank you STL Kappa!

The Mizzou house did close based off of numbers, that's it. My chapter had helped them many times in recruitment but it just never seemed to be enough. It was a very sad day finding out that the doors were closing. I am hopeful that in the coming years recolinization is considered because of the strong alumnae base in Missouri along with the other wonderful chapters in the state.

Hmm... I don't know, perhaps that's what their nationals prefer. I guess if it can get the chapter back on track without having to go dormant and then recolonize it's probably a great idea. However, it was VERY controversial when it happened at Mizzou...

As it should be.

Damn when a Chapter is a at a LARGE State U. Numbers, Numbers, Numbers.:(

It doesnt matter that there are a very close group of Sisters who Love Their Soroity, they will be gone.:o

My contention is and has always been, if a Chapter is having problems, go to their aid, not just close them.

I have a problem with that scenerio as I am having with mine.

It according to my source within LXA, it cost @ $7,000.00 + to colonize at a school. I am sure, it would depend on the size of the School, and the Greek System. Houseing would be a major issue of course.

Every GLO wants to be on a Flag Ship School, but Cost is and can be prohibitive.:(

I did some research & here is a revised history of sororities at MO

Predecessor: Sorority:
- - - 1875 Kappa Kappa Gamma
(inac. 1880-1884)
- - - 1888-1892 Beta Sigma Omicron
1891 Iazug 1899 Pi Beta Phi
1906 Delta Psi 1909 Kappa Alpha Theta
1908 - - - 1909 Delta Gamma
1909 Sub Rosa 1910 Alpha Phi
- - - 1913 Phi Mu
2001 Colony (rev.) (inac. 1942-2002)
1909 Delta Rho 1913 Chi Omega
- - - 1915 Alpha Delta Pi
1913 - - - 1915 Delta Delta Delta
Colony 1921 Gamma Phi Beta
1921-1927 Theta Phi Alpha
1921 Tuesday Study Club 1922-1989 Alpha Gamma Delta
Colony (rev.) (inac. 1975-1981)
1921 Alpha Nu Beta 1922 Alpha Chi Omega]
1922 Pi Beta Tau 1924 Zeta Tau Alpha
Colony (rev.) (inac. 1933-1945)
1929-1997 Alpha Epsilon Phi
1918 Chi Beta Epsilon 1931-1933 Alpha Delta Theta
1931 Phi Delta Pi 1935-1956 Phi Sigma Sigms
1957-1968 Sigma Delta Tau
1964 Alpha Kappa Alpha
1966 Delta Sigma Theta
Colony 1967-2004 Sigma Kappa
Colony (rev.) (inac. 1973-1990)
1973 Sigma Gamma Rho
1975 Colony 1976 Kappa Delta
1978-1984 Delta Phi Epsilon
1981 Zeta Phi Beta
1985 Colony 1986-1994 Alpha Omicron Pi

A few dates & predecessor organizations are unknown, maybe others can add to this.

I don't know HOW I didn't notice this before, but Kappa's Theta chapter was never inactive and has been a continuously open chapter since its founding in 1875.

Mizzou did have a sub rosa period beginning in 1880 and ending in 1885, and although many fraternities disbanded (Phi Psi, SAE), others remained and continued meeting. (Phi Delta Theta became the Shakespearian Society and Zeta Phi, later to become a chapter of Beta Theta Pi, moved their meetings off campus.) Kappa is one of those organizations that continued to meet and even kept initiating members during the sub rosa period.

The greek system at Mizzou is an interesting one, that's for sure. It's hard to say why exactly some chapters work and some just don't. I was a junior (?) I think when Sigma Kappa decided to leave. I remember the things those women had to go through and how hard they tried, it was really sad when they decided to close the chapter, even though many people had been talking about it for at least two years.

This year I think something like 6 or 7 out of the 13 sororities did not officially make quota and even though everyone snap bid or COB'd up to quota by the end of the next two or so weeks after FR, I don't think expansion is going to happen here any time soon.

Housing is a huge issue here. In the area of campus where the majority of the greek houses are there two houses that are vacant (SK and the AKL annex) and those are the only empty places left, whether they're going to stay with the original chapters or someone leases them. The rest of greek town is completely full, and there are no vacant lots over on College Ave. where Beta, KA, Sig Chi (LXA is leasing their house until next year though), Ag Rho, Fiji, and Sigma Nu are. I'm pretty sure there is no room left over by SAE, Delta Chi, and Kappa Sigma and those houses are really located in a more residential area so they'd have to tear down some peoples houses to make room for a fraternity house which I really don't ever see happening.

It sucks because right now Sig Tau, Pi Kappa Phi, and Acacia are all unhoused and I have no clue where they will build houses. LXA recolonized my sophomore year and they had a hugely successful one, they were able to lease the Sigma Chi house (Sigma Chi left at the beginning of sophomore year) for four years, but after next year they're going to have to find a new place to live. I think if anyone is going to lease out SK it would be them, but that's not based on any actual fact, just my opinion. As for the AKL annex (which I think has been condemned) I don't know what they're planning to do with it...

And it seems like fraternities at MU can do ok without a house, but I cannot even begin to imagine a sorority trying to recolonize here or colonize here without a house. All 13 sororities have huge, very expensive and absolutely gorgeous houses. It'd be next to impossible I think for anyone to try and compete with this fact without having any concrete plans for a house that would be built very soon after the opening of the chapter. I know when my chapter recolonized in 2001 a lot of girls in my rush group were like "I don't want to join a chapter without a house" blah blah blah, but we got lucky and got our original house back that was finished at the end of my freshman year. It was hard enough our first year trying to compete even though we HAD a house, it just wasn't finished yet. It really makes a huge difference here and good or bad, that's just how it is.

And I can't believe I just wrote all of this at 7 am on a SATURDAY...:eek:

DU at Mizzou
 

DU was founded at Mizzou as the Dana Press Club, a journalism society in 1909, in 1921 Dana began to petition Greek Letter Fraternities Dana's Petition was approved by DU on its 3 try in 1923 and DU was installed in 1924. DU has always had a solid chapter at Mizzou.

Pi Kappa Phi's old house is apartments now... a friend of mine said they tossed around the idea of trying to get the Sigma Kappa house, but I think that idea has been abandoned. Sig Tau has an "unofficial" house and considered trying to get AKL's annex. (I don't know if it's condemned, if it has been, it's recent because AKL used it to pomp for Homecoming...) And members of LXA have said they'll be building a new house, in Greektown, although I can't imagine WHERE there would be any room for it.

I wonder if Sigma Kappa still owns their house and what will happen to the former Sigma Chi/current Lambda Chi Alpha house once LXA moves... I guess there will be two vacant houses...

I'm pretty sure that SK still owns their house and aren't actually wanting to sell it since they're going to try and come back in four years. I don't know what they're thinking about leasing though. I think that Sigma Chi will be back on campus as soon as they're allowed since the chapter here is/was a very strong one with very strong alumni support in the area. Where that leaves LXA, I have no idea. It'd be nice if Pi Kappa Phi could take back Richmond Place but I don't know anything about that. I knew about the unofficial Sig Tau house but I don't think they could ever make it their official one until a lot of work has been done there. I'd love to see the land in greek town that LXA plans to build a house on b/c really I can't think of ANYWHERE that they could...I guess we'll see though.

SigEp wasn't even a fraternity then....unless you mean SAE and not SPE. :confused: